英语被动语态的翻译

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英语被动语态的翻译

英语中被动语态的使用范围极为广泛, 尤其是在科技英语中, 被动语态几乎随处可见, 凡是在不必、不愿说出或不知道主动者的情况下均可使用被动语态, 因此, 掌握被动语态的翻译方法, 对于硕士研究生入学考试的复习与应考是极为重要的, 因为在硕士研究生入学考试中，英译汉文章的内容多以科普文章为主。在汉语中, 也有被动语态, 通常通过“把”或“被”等词体现出来, 但它的使用范围远远小于英语中被动语态的使用范围, 因此英语中的被动语态在很多情况下都翻译成主动结构。 对于英语原文的被动结构, 我们一般采取下列的方法:

1. 翻译成汉语的主动句。英语原文的被动结构翻译成汉语的主动结构又可以进一步分为几种不同的情况。

(1) 英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。在采用此方法时, 我们往往在译文中使用了 “加以”, “经过”, “用……来”等词来体现原文中的被动含义。例如:

例1.Other questions will be discussed briefly.

其它问题将简单地加以讨论。

例2.In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us.

换言之, 矿物就是存在于地球上, 但须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。

例3.Nuclear power's danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.

核能对健康、安全, 甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词—辐射来概括。

(2) 将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语, 同时增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语。例如:

例1.It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real.

可能有人会指出, 无线电广播同样也能做到这一点, 但还是电视屏幕上的节目要生动、真实得多。

例2.Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining. (85年考题)

人们常说, 电视使人了解时事, 熟悉政治领域的最新发展变化, 并能源源不断 地为观众提供各种既有教育意义又有趣的节目。

例3.It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality.

人们普遍认为，孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们的性格及其未来的人品。

另外, 下列的结构也可以通过这一手段翻译:

It is asserted that … 有人主张 ……

It is believed that … 有人认为……

It is generally considered that … 大家(一般人)认为

It is well known that … 大家知道(众所周知)……

It will be said … 有人会说……

It was told that … 有人曾经说……

(3) 将英语原文中的by, in, for等做状语的介词短语翻译成译文的主语, 在此情况下, 英语原文中的主语一般被翻译成宾语。例如:

例1.A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor.

原子反应堆需要一种合适的燃料。

例2.By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives.

大战结束时, 这个组织拯救了八百人, 但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的。

例3.And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. (93年考题)

许多人认为, 普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比, 而且认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门的训练才能掌握。

(4) 翻译成汉语的无主句。 例如:

例1.Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.

应该尽努力告?nbsp| 年轻人吸烟的危害, 特别是吸上烟瘾后的可怕后果。(82年考题)

例2.By this procedure, different honeys have been found to vary widely in the sensitivity of their inhibit to heat.

通过这种方法分析发现不同种类的蜂蜜的抗菌活动对热的敏感程度也极为不同。

例4.Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.

在我们这个世纪内研制了许多新奇的交通工具, 其中最奇特的也许就是气垫 船了。

例5.New source of energy must be found, and this will take time….

必须找到新的能源，这需要时间……(91年考题）

另外, 下列结构也可以通过这一手段翻译:

It is hoped that … 希望……

It is reported that … 据报道……

It is said that … 据说……

It is supposed that … 据推测……

It may be said without fear of exaggeration that … 可以毫不夸张地说……

It must be admitted that … 必须承认……

It must be pointed out that … 必须指出……

It will be seen from this that … 由此可见……

(5) 翻译成带表语的主动句。例如:

例1.The decision to attack was not taken lightly.

进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。

例2.On the whole such an conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed. (92年考题)

总的来说, 得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的, 但必须具备两个条件: 能够 假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一个孩子的态度相同; 他也没有 因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。

(注意上述翻译技巧在该句翻译中的综合运用。)

2. 译成汉语的被动语态。英语中的许多被动句可以翻译成汉语的被动句。常用“被”, “给”, “遭”, “挨”, “为……所”, “使”, “由…”, “受到”等表示。例如:

例1.Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature, not by Man.

地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。

例2.These signals are produced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions in outer space.

这些讯号是由外层空间的星球碰撞或者核反应所造成的。

例3.Natural light or “white” light is actually made up of many colours.

自然光或者“白光”实际上是由许多种颜色组成的。

例4.The behaviour of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors, including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.

流体在管道中流动的情况, 受到诸如流体粘度、泵送速度等各种因素的影响。

例5.They may have been a source of part of the atmosphere of the terrestrial planets, and they are believed to have been the planetesimal-like building blocks for some of the outer planets and their satellites.

它们可能一直是地球行星的一部分大气的来源。它们还被认为是构成外部行星以及其卫星的一种类似微星的基础材料。

例6.Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. (95年考题)

工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。

例7.Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. (95年考题)

政府是以减少技术的经费投入来增加纯理论科学的经费投入, 还是相反, 这往 往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。

例8.The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.

石油的供应可能随时会被中断；不管怎样，以目前的这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。

求一篇英语科普文章，英文版本及其翻译，3000字左右。

1、大量阅读

每日阅读高质量的英文报纸，每周阅读高质量的时事周刊(如：THE ECONOMIST)，坚持全刊通读。广泛阅读经济、国际关系、历史、传记、管理及科普等非小说类的书。

2、听

每天听高质量的英语广播和录音，特别是访谈、演讲、新闻分析、授课、辩论节目和新闻广播，重复录音内容，尽量模仿母语者自然、流畅的语音语调。

3、分析总结

读完若干段落后，把材料翻过去不看，根据理解与记忆用自己的话将其重点信息与逻辑清楚地讲出来。听完一段口头讲话，用自己的话将其重点信息与逻辑清楚地讲出来。 练习用简单易懂的话解释相对复杂的概念。

4、加强知识积累

积累国际政治和经济方面的基本知识，了解国际动态及相关背景。系统地学习经济学，上几门经济学的课或自己阅读经济学入门课本。学会利用各种资源与渠道搜集资讯，独立进行一定程度的专题研究。

英语科普翻译300之7，接纳人工翻译，在线等

现代人的历史可追溯到约20万年前

Human Fossils Dated to 195,000 Years

摘要：

对化石的深入分析使现代人的历史可以追溯到19.5万年以前。

Researchers determined that the specimens are around 195,000 years old.

对化石的深入分析使现代人的历史可以追溯到19.5万年以前。通过对1967年于非洲埃塞俄比亚出土的人类骨骼化石进行新一轮的分析研究，科学家日前确定，这些化石的历史比先前认为的还要早大约6.5万年。这一结论说明，现代人类的化石记录可以追溯到大约20万年以前。

据美联社1月16日报道，科学家们认为，这些化石大约有19.5万年的历史，比人们以前推测的还要早6.5万年。遗传学研究曾推测，智人（即现代人）应起源于大约20万年以前，而这项新的研究结果恰好与遗传学研究结果相一致。

这些智人遗骨化石是于1967年在埃塞俄比亚的奥莫河（omo）四周被发掘出来的。出土的包括一些头骨和躯干骨的化石残片。当时，科学家将这些化石称为现代智人（Homo sapiens）化石，并将其历史暂定为13万年。

日前，美国纽约Stony Brook大学的约翰·弗利格尔和他的同事通过考察化石出土地点，并利用更先进的时间测定仪器分析当地的地质结构和岩石标本，他们发现这些化石应该具有19.5万年的历史。（其中答应有5000 年的误差）

科学家认为，重新修订的时间使“现代人起源于非洲”这一理论更具说服力。日期的提前让这些早期现代人有更充足的时间发展他们的文化属性，使他们从非洲大陆分散到亚欧各地。报道说，在此之前，被认为是最古老的智人遗骨化石是由美国科学家1997年在埃塞俄比亚发现的，该化石的历史约为16万年。

一个多世纪以来，智人的起源是人类进化研究中根本性的重大问题。许多科学家认为，智人与人类更原始的祖先一样，发源于非洲。但也有科学家提出，智人是在世界不同地区分别发展起来的。（王高山）

A new analysis of bones unearthed nearly 40 years ago in Ethiopia has pushed the fossil record of modern humans back to nearly 200,000 years ago perhaps close to the dawn of the species.

Researchers determined that the specimens are around 195,000 years old. Previously, the oldest known fossils of Homo sapiens were Ethiopian skulls dated to about 160,000 years ago.

Genetic studies estimate that Homo sapiens arose about 200,000 years ago, so the new research brings the fossil record more in line with that, said John Fleagle of Stony Brook University in New York, an author of the study.

The fossils were found in 1967 near the Omo River in southwestern Ethiopia. One location yielded Omo I, which includes part of a skull plus skeletal bones. Another site produced Omo II, which has more of a skull but no skeletal bones. Neither specimen has a complete face.

Although Omo II shows more primitive characteristics than Omo I, scientists called both specimens Homo sapiens and assigned a tentative age of 130,000 years.

Now, after visiting the discovery sites, analyzing their geology and testing rock samples with more modern dating techniques, Fleagle and colleagues report in Thursday's issue of the journal Nature that both specimens are 195,000 years old, give or take 5,000 years.

Fleagle said the more primitive traits of Omo II may mean the two specimens came from different but overlapping Homo sapiens populations, or that they just represent natural variation within a single population.

To find the age of the skulls, the researchers determined that volcanic rock lying just below the sediment that contained the fossils was about 196,000 years old. They then found evidence that the fossil-bearing sediment was deposited soon after that time.

Paul Renne, director of the Berkeley Geochronology Center, which specializes in dating rocks, said the researchers made "a reasonably good argument" to support their dating of the fossils.

"It's more likely than not," he said, calling the work "very exciting and important."

颜色因为它对我们感官强有力的影响所以尤为重要。因此，颜色有时被称做暖色调，冷色调或者中性的。红色和**被认为是暖色调的，这是因为它们营造了一种温暖的空间而且使墙壁看上去比真实的离我们要近。我们常说蓝色和绿色是冷色调，这是因为它们给我们一种相反的感觉——空间似乎感觉起来很冷而且墙壁看上去离得很远。一种中性的颜色也就是看上去不会影响我们的感觉的颜色。灰色和褐色都是中性的颜色，而且它们可能也会与暖色或冷色混合在一起来增加对我们感觉的影响。

我们能够开始了解到颜色选择的重要性。尽管红色可能对于一个餐馆来说很合适，但它却不适合一个美术陈列室，一个我们想要去看画作，而不是后面的墙壁的地方。因为它们在大小上的影响，白色能够被用来使一个小房间看上去更大一点，而暗蓝色能够用来使一个大房间看上去更小一点。

我们常用来谈论颜色的另一种方式，就是说它是吵闹的还是安静的。这是我们再一次谈论有关颜色给我们的感觉。我们用声音来表达这种颜色有多么吸引我们的注意力。

自己翻的，仅供参考。

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